BIOGRAPHY

 Hello!! 
So, in this blog. I'll share with you the biography text. 
What is biography? 

𝔻𝔼𝔽𝕀ℕ𝕀𝕋𝕀𝕆ℕ 

Understanding Biography According to Experts

According to experts, the notion of biography has several perspectives and meanings. Here's their opinion.

1. Nugraha and Riyadi

The definition of a biographical text according to Nugraha (2013) and Riyadi (2014) is to contain the story of a person's life history, then the story is written into writing.

2. Wahono

This is different from Wahono's opinion, who defines a biographical text as a factual story. Where the story is written based on the facts presented by the author.

So what are the forms of these facts? For example, in the form of the person's privileges, good performance, ideology, and other achievements.

3. Istiqomah

According to Istiqomah (2015), a biographical text is a life history of a person who is told through writing. Istiqomah also mentions that the author of this type of text is in the third person. The writer is the one who owns the copyright for the written character's work. Meanwhile, the character was written as a resource.

4. Mahsun

Meanwhile, according to Mahsun, a biographical text is a narrative text which has the ultimate goal of telling the life stages of a person that contains facts, the life history of the character. As for what needs to be conveyed in writing biographical texts, for example, issues of privileges, family background, identity, organizational history, and things that are achievements that have been achieved.

ℂℍ𝔸ℝ𝔸ℂ𝕊𝕋𝔼ℝ𝕀𝕊𝕋𝕀ℂ

The characteristics of biographical texts are of several kinds. Here are the various characteristics.

1. Loading Facts

The characteristics of a biographical text contain facts. Indeed, the form of facts is not only about statistical data. But the facts of the character's experience are written down. In other words, writing a biography is not written because of fiction, but because it talks about data

2. Having Conflict Problems

Another characteristic is that the biographical text contains conflict problems. Biographical texts contain real trips, which contain problems, conflicts, or obstacles. From this problem, the story of this biographical journey is interesting to follow.

It is also starting from this problem, readers can also learn from experience, wisdom, and solutions. Who knows, these solutions may be of benefit to readers out there.

3. The existence of learning messages

A good biographical text should have a constructive learning message for the reader. The reason why the characters' stories are written in this text is none other than to provide learning on experiences and every decision that has been passed.

4. Have a Clear Structure or Time Frame

Another important characteristic is having a clear structure. So for those of you who want to write a biography, make sure the structure is well conceptualized.

When writing a biographical text, the writer must be observant in recording the series of years and processes. A coherent structure certainly makes it easy for readers to understand the message conveyed.

5. History of Someone's Life Experience

Another characteristic can be marked by the way of narrating it. The narrative emphasizes the historical experience of the character. That's why the average person who is written in a biography is a great person, people who have had life experiences that have changed people's viewpoints.

6. Have Place Settings

Even though it tells the real-life experience of someone. It is also important to indicate the place setting. The setting of this place can be in different places, depending on the story of the character or source. Because after all, setting the place is one of the mandatory features.

𝕊𝕋ℝ𝕌ℂ𝕋𝕌ℝ𝔼 

Biographical text structure if applied in the world of writing, there are three parts that need to be underlined. What are they? Immediately, let's look at the reviews as follows.

1. Orientation

The orientation series contains an intro or introduction to the character being raised. The introduction should be written in general. For example, the focus is on discussing the character's family background, name of the character, educational history, and place of residence. Of course, from the data obtained, it is written in a narrative.

2. Events and Problems

Events and problems contain the sequence of events experienced by the characters raised. Also write down experiences that have been experienced, accompanied by problems or conflicts. Apart from writing down experiences, problems, or conflicts, it is very important to write down the solutions faced by the characters.

3. Reorientation

Reorientation refers more to the writer's response to the character raised. Of course, the author's response is about the characters he writes about.

From the three biographical structures above, it was denied by Mulyadi (2016), that in the writing of this text there was no absolute structure. The arrangement still depends on how the writer wants to describe the events of the character.

𝕃𝔸ℕ𝔾𝕌𝔸ℕ𝔾𝔼 𝔼𝕃𝔼𝕄𝔼ℕ𝕋𝕊 

When discussing the elements of a biographical text, there are actually many things. For example, there are elements of conjunctions, word references, events, times, places and much more. The full review can be seen as follows.

1. Conjunctions

When viewed from the linguistic elements and linguistic rules of the biographical text, conjunctions are an element that needs to be mastered. Conjunction plays a role in connecting one word to another so that it is formed into a sentence.

A collection of sentences with other sentences will later form a paragraph. A collection of paragraphs from one paragraph to another will form a written work or text work. Wherefrom the process of forming words and sentences, conjunctions are needed. The conjunctions act as conjunctions for words in a sentence. If the conjunction is a liaison, then the conjunction is called an intra calimat conjunction.

The form of the intra calimat conjunction is characterized by words like and, but, then, then, and many more. So for those of you who want to connect sentences with each other so that they can coincide with each other, you can use one of these words.

2. Word reference

Have you ever heard a word reference? Word references are used to refer to words that have previously been done. There are also various word reference models used, there are nouns and place references. In fact, there are also people referencing words.

Examples of noun references, often use words like this, that, and that. while for the word referencing place, more often use the word here, there, there, and many others. while the word reference shows people can use their words, he, he, he and many more.

3. Events Time and Place

The linguistic elements in biographical texts that are no less important are the events of time and place. The function of the importance of time and place events is nothing but to refer to an event or incident, time and place that the character has already experienced.

Where these events and places become memorable moments for most people. that's why there are more biographies about great figures. The results of sales in the market are in demand. Meanwhile, for people who do not have a big influence, books are less attractive to the market, because consumers do not know who the character is written.

4. Verbs

In the linguistic element of biographical texts, verbs are also called verbs. Verbs can also be interpreted as groups of words that tell a character's journey and story. Well, it turns out that the elements of the verb itself are divided by form and based on type.

𝕋𝕐ℙ𝔼𝕊 

It turns out that this type of text has several kinds as follows.

1. Biographical Text in Accordance with Writing Permit

Biographical texts based on writing permission are further divided into several types, namely Authorized Biography and Unauthorized Biography.

Authors who get permission from the written character are called an authorized biography. while biographies that are not licensed or without the knowledge of the figures appointed are referred to as unauthorized biography.

2. Based on the contents

Apart from being based on the author's permission, it turns out that there are also types based on the content. There are two aspects to content when writing a biography. The first aspect of the journey of life, of course, what is written in the biography is only important information.

3. Career journey

Biographical texts can also be made on the basis of the character's career journey. For example, the character tells of a struggle, someone's hard work in reaching their dreams.

4. Based on the Issues Reviewed

Writing a biography is written according to the data and facts experienced by the characters. One that is no less important is seeing the aspects of the problem to be written about. There are three aspects, which include political biographies, intellectual biographies, and journalistic biographies.

So, what is meant by political biography? It is said to be a political biography because the character in the story of his life is involved in politics. There are also figures who focus on intellectual biographies, which are related to work/works that are not far from intellectual. Likewise in the aspect of journalistic biographies, of course discussing the world of literacy and news.

5. Based on the publisher

Biographical texts can also be categorized into two aspects of the publisher. There are self-publishing publishers and majors.

Self-publishing

A self-publishing publisher is a publisher that provides book printing services at the expense of the author. Publishers also do not interfere with the sale of books that have been printed.

Major publisher

Biographical texts can also be published through major publishers. Where major publishers will free writers from the book's print load. The author will also get royalties from the sale. Regarding sales, it will also be handled by the major issuer.

Those are some of these types of text. After knowing some of these types, it is also important that you know their benefits, which will be discussed as follows.

𝔹𝔼ℕ𝔼𝔽𝕀𝕋𝕊

If previously discussed about the meaning, structure, and linguistic elements of biographical texts, there are other benefits. Maybe you are curious, what are the benefits of biographical texts? Here are some of the benefits that will be felt.

1. Get to know the characters

Whether we realize it or not, the benefits of biographical texts will get to know the characters that are written more closely. There is a saying, do not know then do not love. That's the benefit of writing biographical texts. We can learn the life journey and struggles of a character.

2. Exemplary Learning

Besides that, we will also learn about the exemplary figures of a character. As a biography, of course, there are points and examples to convey to readers. For example, exemplary in facing life, and being a respected figure and so on.

3. Build Motivation

When reading a biographical text, whether you realize it or not, you actually learn a lot about motivation. For example, motivation to achieve dreams, motivation to face life and much more. Talking about motivation, there are two motivational drives, namely encouragement from outside and encouragement from within oneself.

4. Understand the Decisions of Figures in BIography

As a biographical textbook, in terms of messages and ideas, it will emphasize the point of view of the character. So that it is possible that many different perspectives and ideas are still emerging. including differences in thoughts with yours as the reader.

So, seeing this, at least by reading biographical texts or writing biographical texts trains to be more tolerant. Make it easy also to understand decisions, as well as respect and respect the shop.

5. Analytical Thinking

When reading biographical texts, we will also be invited to think critically. When reading biographies, our nerve cells will be stimulated to carry out thought processes. Indeed, everyone thinks differently. Depending on the capture of the information obtained.

6. More Respect for the Life Process

Every time you read a biographical text, the reader will learn to appreciate the process of life. Both live others and live yourself. the process of learning to accept the process of life, will indirectly give a sense of self-acceptance and give birth to gratitude.

RADEN AJENG KARTINI 

Kartini was born into an aristocratic Javanese family when Java was part of the Dutch colony of the Dutch East Indies. Kartini's father Sosroningrat became Regency Chief of Jepara. Kartini's father was originally the district chief of Mayong. Her mother Ngasirah was the daughter of Madirono and a religious teacher at Telukawur. She was his first wife but not the most important one. At this time, polygamy was a common practice among the nobility. Colonial regulations required a regency chief to marry a member of the nobility. Since Ngasirah was not of sufficiently high nobility,^[3] Sosroningrat married a second time to Woerjan (Moerjam), a direct descendant of the Raja of Madura. After this second marriage, Kartini's father was elevated to Regency Chief of Jepara, replacing his second wife's father, Tjitrowikromo.

Kartini was the fifth child and second-eldest daughter in a family of eleven, including half-siblings. She was born into a family with a strong intellectual tradition. Her grandfather, Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro IV, became a regency chief at the age of 25, while Kartini's older brother Sosrokartono was an accomplished linguist. Kartini's family allowed her to attend school until she was 12 years old. Here, among other subjects, she learned Dutch, an unusual accomplishment for Javanese women at the time.^[4] After she turned 12 she was secluded (pingit) at home, which was a common practice among young female Javanese nobles, to prepare them for wedlock. During seclusion, girls were not allowed to leave their parents' house until they were married, after which the authority over them was transferred to their husbands. Kartini's father was more lenient than some during his daughter's seclusion, giving her such privileges as embroidery lessons and occasional appearances in public for special events.

Letter by Kartini to Rosa Abendanon (fragment)

During her seclusion, Kartini continued to self-educate herself. She was fluent in Dutch and acquired several Dutch pen friends. One of which, was a girl named Rosa Abendanon, who later became a close friend of her. Books, newspapers, and European magazines fed Kartini's interest in European feminist thinking and fostered the desire to improve the conditions of indigenous Indonesian women, which at the time had a very low social status.

Kartini's reading included the Semarang newspaper, to which she began to send contributions that were published. Before she was 20 she had read Max Havelaar and Love Letters by Multatuli. She also read De Stille Kracht (The Hidden Force) by Louis Couperus, the works of Frederik van Eeden, Augusta de Witt, the Romantic-Feminist author Cecile Goekoop-de Jong van Beek en Donk,^[5] and an anti-war novel by Berta von Suttner, Die Waffen Nieder! (Lay Down Your Arms!). All were in Dutch.

Kartini was not only concerned with the emancipation of women, but also with other problems of her society. Kartini saw that the struggle for women to obtain their freedom, autonomy, and legal equality was just part of a wider movement.

Marriage, death, and legacy[edit]

Kartini's parents arranged her marriage to Joyodiningrat, the Regency Chief of Rembang, who had already married three wives. She was wed on 12 November 1903. She detested the marriage proposal at first, but her husband understood Kartini's aspirations and allowed her to establish a women's school on the eastern porch of Rembang's Regency Office complex. Kartini's only child was born on September 13, 1904. A few days later on 17 September 1904, Kartini died at the age of 25. She was buried at Bulu Village, Rembang.

Inspired by R.A. Kartini's example, the Van Deventer family established the R.A. Kartini Foundation which built schools for women, 'Kartini's Schools' in Semarang in 1912, followed by other women's schools in Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Malang, Madiun, Cirebon, and other areas.

Commemoration of Kartini Day in 1953

In 1964, President Sukarno declared R.A. Kartini's birth date, 21 April, as "Kartini Day"—an Indonesian national holiday. This decision has been criticized. It has been proposed that Kartini Day should be celebrated in conjunction with Indonesian Mothers’ Day on 22 December. So R.A. Kartini as a national heroine does not overshadow women who took arms to oppose the Dutch.

In contrast, those who recognize the significance of R.A. Kartini argue that not only was she an intellectual who elevated the status of Indonesian women, she was also a nationalist figure with modern ideas, who struggled on behalf of her people and played a role in the national struggle for independence.

This is a video example from youtube

ℂ𝕆ℕℂ𝕃𝕌𝕊𝕀𝕆ℕ 

Biography text is a detailed description of a person's life and written by someone else, it is a non-fiction text. Biography has two types, there are short biography and long biography. 

Short biography has the name of the person, date of birth, profession, and etc.

Biography text has many benefits, there are made a person who read motivation. 

This is my youtube video :

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